Series Các ngữ pháp cơ bản trong tiếng Anh // Bài 8. Câu tường thuật - Reported Speech

 

1. Khái niệm

Câu tường thuật (Reported Speech), còn được gọi là câu gián tiếp (Indirect speech) thường được dùng để tường thuật lại lời nói của một ai đó mà không làm thay đổi nghĩa của toàn bộ câu. Khi viết lại câu gián tiếp, lời nói đó không đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép. 

Câu trực tiếp (Direct speech)	Câu tường thuật (Reported speech)
Nga said, “I want a pizza.”	Nga said (that) she wanted a pizza.

2. Quy tắc

2.1. Thay đổi đại từ và tính từ sở hữu

	Câu trực tiếp (Direct speech)	Câu tường thuật (Reported speech)
Đại từ nhân xưng	I “I can’t go out today, I have homework to do.”	he/she He said he couldn’t go out today, he had homework to do.
	you	I/he/she/they
	we	they
Tính từ sở hữu	my	his/her
	our “Our class is taking an exam.”	Their They said that their class was taking an exam.
	your	our/their
Đại từ sở hữu	mine	his/hers
	yours	ours/mine/theirs
	ours “The winning project is ours.”	theirs They said that the winning project was theirs.

2.2. Thay đổi thì

Đôi khi, sự việc được trình bày trong câu gián tiếp (Reported Speech) thường không xảy ra ở thời điểm nói. Vì thế, khi muốn tường thuật hoặc diễn đạt lại thông tin đó, động từ chính trong câu cần được lùi 1 thì về quá khứ so với thì được dùng trong câu. 

Câu trực tiếp (Direct speech)	Câu tường thuật (Reported speech)
Present simple	Past simple
Present continuous	Past continuous
Present perfect	Past perfect
Past simple	Past perfect
Past continuous	Past perfect continuous
Past perfect	Past perfect
Future simple: will + V	would + V
Future continuous: will + be + V-ing	would + be + V-ing
shall/can/may	should/could/might
should/could/might/must/would	Giữ nguyên

2.3. Thay đổi trạng từ chỉ thời gian

Đối với cấu trúc câu tường thuật, sự việc sẽ hiếm khi xảy ra vào thời điểm người nói tường thuật lại. Vì thế, bạn cần phải có sự thay đổi vì trạng từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn 

Câu trực tiếp (Direct speech)	Câu tường thuật (Reported speech)
Today	Yesterday/that day
Yesterday	The day before
The day before yesterday	Two days ago
Tomorrow	The next/following day
The day after tomorrow	In two days’ time
This, these	That, those
Here, over here	There, over there

3. Các cấu trúc phổ biến

3.1. Câu trần thuật

S + say(s) / said + (that) + S + V

He said to me, “I ate a pizza last night.” → He told me he had eaten a pizza the previous night.

3.2. Reported Speech dạng câu hỏi Yes/No Question

S + asked / wanted to know / wondered + if / whether + S + V

John asked, “Do you remember?” → John asked me if I remembered.

3.3. Reported Speech dạng câu hỏi Wh-question

S + asked (+O) / wanted to know / wondered + Wh-words + S + V

“What is Andy doing?” Jim asked → Jim wanted to know what Andy was doing.

4. Bài tập

Viết lại câu Reported Speech theo đề bài cho sẵn 

1. “If the weather is fine, I will go to the beach with my friends,” she said.

2. “What would you do if you had one day off ?” I asked her.

3. “I would have come to see you if I had known your address, Harry,” Tom said.

4. “I’m sure he will help you if you ask him.” she told me.

5. “If today were Monday, we would go to school,” my friend said to me.

6. She said to me, “If I were you, I wouldn’t tell her my address.”

7. “There would not be enough seats if a lot of guests came,” they said.

8. “You will be surprised if you meet her,” Ann said to Clara.

Đáp án

1. She said that if the weather was fine, she would go to the beach with her friends.

2. I asked her what she would do if she had one day off.

3. Tom said that he would have come to see me if he had known Harry's address.

4. She told me that she was sure he would help me if I asked him.

5. My friend said to me that if today were Monday, they would go to school.

6. She said to me that if she were me, she wouldn't tell her address to her.

7. They said that there would not be enough seats if a lot of guests came.

8. Ann said to Clara that she would be surprised if she met her.